Mass transfer refers to the transfer of mass from one phase to another due to the concentration gradient. There are two types of mass transfer: diffusion and convection. Diffusion occurs due to the random motion of molecules, while convection occurs due to the fluid motion.

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The mass transfer is also governed by Fick's laws of diffusion, which relate the mass flux to the concentration gradient.

The momentum transfer is governed by the conservation of momentum equation, which states that the rate of change of momentum is equal to the sum of the forces acting on the fluid element. The conservation of momentum equation is expressed as:

The turbulence models, such as the k-ε model and the k-ω model, are used to simulate the turbulent flows. These models describe the turbulent flow in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy and the dissipation rate.

The heat transfer is governed by the conservation of energy equation, which states that the rate of change of energy is equal to the sum of the heat added to the system and the work done on the system. The conservation of energy equation is expressed as:

The mass transfer is governed by the conservation of mass equation, which states that the rate of change of mass is equal to the sum of the mass fluxes into and out of the system. The conservation of mass equation is expressed as:

ρc_p(∂T/∂t + v⋅∇T) = ∇⋅(k∇T) + Q